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get是什么意思(只会用be做被动语态)

今天,意思用b语态我看书的只会时候,看到了下面这句很普通的被动句子,"How Do We Get Started on These Programs?"。意思用b语态我突然感到有一点糊涂,只会什么叫"Get started" ?这句话同"How do we start on these programs?"又有什么区别呢?

我查了词典里关于"get+动词分词"结构的被动解释,发现这种常见结构其实很复杂,意思用b语态既可以表示主动(We Get Started on These Programs),只会又可以表示被动(I got invited to her party yesterday)。被动

下面就是意思用b语态我整理的笔记。

首先,只会"get+过去分词"是被动一种被动形式。

我们都知道,意思用b语态英语中表示被动的只会方法是"be+过去动词",但是被动其实还有第二种方法,那就是"get+过去分词",这两者的意思基本上是类似的。但是,后者通常用在日常口语中。

请对比下面三句话:

巴士把约翰撞了。

The bus hit John.John was hit by the bus.John got hit by the bus.

上面这三种说法都是对的。被动的含义除了可以用"be + 过去分词"表示以外,还可以用"got + 过去分词"来表示。

请看下面的例句:

It is upsetting when a person gets punished for a crime that he didn't commit.

一个人因自己没有犯过的罪受惩罚真的挺惨的。

The picture got damaged (= was damaged) when we were moving.

我们在移动这个照片的时候,照片被损坏了。

If they make such criticisms they will get treated with the contempt they deserve.

如果他们做出这样的批评,他们肯定会受到应得的鄙视的。

I don't want to get mixed up with the police again.

我不想再跟警察扯到一块了。

After working here selflessly for several years, Mr. Li got promoted at last.

在这里无私地工作了这么多年,李先生终于被升职了。

They got delayed because of the holiday traffic.

因为节假日的交通状况,他们被耽搁了。

"get+过去分词"和"be+过去分词"有几个区别。

(1)在"be+过去分词"的结构中,be是助动词(auxiliary),可以用来独立构成否定句和疑问句;get不是助动词,在否定句和疑问句,必须增加助动词。

请看下面的例句。

Was Kim attacked by a tiger?Kim was not attacked by a tiger. Did Kim get attacked by a tiger? Kim did not get attacked by a tiger.

以上四句话都是正确,下面两句则是错误的。

Got Kim attacked by a tiger? (×)Kim got not attacked by a tiger. (×)

(2)"get+过去分词"结构可以用于进行时态,"be+过去分词"结构就不行。

请看下面的例句

You will be getting cursed. My brother has been getting examined.

(3)"get+过去分词"结构通常不带"by+动作主体"的部分,但这不是绝对的。

请看下面两句话,其中第二句话是错误的(by 后面通常接有生命的物体,或由生物操控的东西)。

I got caught in the rain. I got caught by the rain. (×)

但是,在下面的例句中可以使用by:

He got caught by the police. He got hit on the head by the burglar(盗贼).Raghu got kicked in the shin(小腿) by a donkey. He got punched in the nose by his opponent(对手).

(4)"get+过去分词"结构极少用无生命的物体作主语。

请看下面两句话,其中第二句话是错误的。

Gunfire was heard in the auditorium(观众席).Gunfire got heard in the auditorium.(×)

(5)除了表示被动以外,"get + 过去分词"结构还可用于谈论为自己做的事,表示主动的行为而不是被动的行为,即起到了强调主语、加重语气的作用。

请对比下面两句话:

a) Joe was dressed [by someone]b) Joe got dressed.

a句表示其他人帮助Joe穿衣服,b句则表示Joe自己穿衣服。

除了get dressed(穿衣服)以外,类似的常用短语,还有以下这些:get divorced(离婚)、get engaged(订婚)、get confused(迷惑不解)、get lost(迷路)、get washed(洗脸) 、get married(结婚)等。

为什么英语中有两种表示被动的结构?为什么"get+过去分词"结构既可以表示主动的行为,又可以表示被动的行为,它们之间是否有联系?

在普通的"be+过去分词"结构中,动作主体(subject)与动作受体(object)之间的关系一般是同等重要的。下面两个例句是完全等价的:

马可尼发明了收音机。

Marconi invented the radio.The radio was invented by Marconi.

但是,"get+过去分词"结构不是这样。不管加不加动作主体,关注的重点永远是在动作的受体上,也就是说谁实施了这个动作并不重要。这也是,这种结构为什么通常不带"by+动作主体"的原因。(即使带了,句子的重心也依然是在前半部分。)也就是说谁实施了这个动作并不重要。

所以,只要使用了"get+过去分词"结构,一定是强调句子的主语的。

学习了这么久,又是这么麻烦的东西,太伤脑筋了。

下面是轻松一刻,贴几张漫画。

He got hit!

I got caught.

I got lost.

We got married.

Mike got dressed for bed.

[练习]

(1) I don't know how it happened, but I ____ in San Francisco.

a) was lost b) got lost

(2) That evening the Greek embassy was having a party. I ____ by a friend who worked there.

a) was invited b) got invited

(3) I had been out all day sightseeing. When I returned it was late, so I ____ quickly and left the hotel.

a) was dressed b) got dressed

(4) Fortunately, I ____ a map before I left the hotel.

a) was given b) got given

(5) As I was leaving the hotel, I almost ____ by a taxi.

a) got hit b) was hit

(6) The embassy was only a few blocks away. So I walked. Somewhere along the way, I ____ .

a) got disoriented b) was disoriented

(7) I took a wrong turn and walked the wrong direction. Finally, I hailed a taxi and ____ to the party.

a) was driven b) got driven